Origins of the Atlantic World

Mignolo (1994) said "the extinctermost corners of the solid ground were supposed to be inhabited by . . . [outlandish] creatures or cruel barbarians" (p. 46).

Portuguese explorations. The discovery by Christopher Columbus in 1492 of the reinvigorated World (the the Statess) was made possible by earlier fifteenth century advances in nautical science and the officially okay step-by-step exploration of outlying Atlantic islands, West Africa and later on the sub-Saharan African southwestern coast. In the Iberian Peninsula, Jewish and Muslim astronomers and mathematicians kept alive and improved upon ancient unpolluted Eastern wisdom concerning navigation. From the 12th century onwards, major breakthroughs occurred there in maritime technology. These included the arts of celestial navigation, the reading of the magnetic compass, the astrolabe and the quadrant, the use of Arab lateen sails and newly designed vessels, much(prenominal) as the caravel, which together enabled Portuguese sea captains to overcome the subway system created by the currents and winds off the African coast to further Confederate and western exploration. The conquest of the tradewinds opened up not tho coastal Africa and the Indian Ocean to exploration and trade, barely in addition the Americas. By the 1480s this experience was disseminated at schools of navigation in Spain and Portugal and systematize in the Portuguese regimento, a set of navigation rules and cognize techniques.

Motivations. Fifteenth century Portugue

pointed out that the Mexica and the Incas came to resist fiercely their conquerors, and that the outcome was not necessarily inevitable. In Mexico, he said that "endemical politics tipped the rest against the Mexica" and in favor of Hernan Cortes' small but well-armed and organized forces (Victors, p. 184).

However, withal if Cortes' small legions had been defeated, the ultimate result would probably take been the seen since the Europeans delineated a force which could not be denied for long.

Mancall, P. C. (Ed.). (1995). Envisioning America English plans for the colonization of North America. Boston: Bedford Press.

Contemporary historians have passing gameed revisionist views of the European trans-Atlantic expansion, conquest and colonization of Africans and Amerindians and the radical transformation of indigenous cultures and traditions which occurred in its wake. They emphasize the distorted nature of European attitudes toward these peoples and cultures and offer insights into them which had been neglected by previous history. The Atlantic World was trivial more than the projection outside Europe of dynamic forces of scientific advance, religious fanaticism, and personal and national aggrandizing tendencies which produced great economic advances and the eventual(prenominal) hegemony of the West. They also represented a tragic and barbaric chapter in world history.

Relations between indigenous peoples and their European overlords varied, but although the methods of the some colonists

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