Economist Thomas Schelling

2. In the coupled States, primordial responsibility for enforcing the criminal law rests with states and localities. However, as OC has become content and international, federal official criminal jurisdiction has expanded. As of 1997, 140 federal agencies were regard in enforcing 4100 federal criminal laws (Kronenwetter, 1997, p. 17). Some of them, much(prenominal) as the unionised Crime Division of the U.S. Postal Service, argon involved only sporadically in OC investigations. The principal federal law enforcement agencies involved in the investigation and enforcement of OC and their specific functions be:

Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) in Department of jurist (DOJ). The FBI is the lead investigative agency into OC. Kronenwetter (1997) said "the FBI and the United States Attorneys conduct won convictions against some of the biggest mafia bosses" (p. 55). These atomic number 18 handled by the Organized Crime and Racketeering section and elite Strike Forces.

United States Attorneys in DOJ direct criminal investigations against OC, decide which cases to lease and try them.

Drug Enforcement Administration under the Attorney oecumenic is lead agency in the War on Drugs. It workings closely with other agencies such as FBI, U.S. Customs Service, sea-coast Guard and the Central Intelligence Agency.

U.S. Customs Service and the in-migration and Naturalization Service, now part of the Department of Homeland Se

3. Principal Asian OC groups are the Yakuza in Japan, Chinese Triads and Tongs as well as channel gangs and other Asian-based OC groups (AOCs), such as Burmese-Thai drug rings. Structure. The American Mafia is organized on a highly hierarchical foot: boss, underbosses, consigliere or advisers, capos or captains and street soldiers. Discipline is tight. Positions are designate either on the basis of functional specialization, kinship ties or skills required (Lunde, 2004, p. 8). The Japanese Yakuza is also highly structured, "a pointed hierarchy, patterned on the family, with absolute obedience and respect given up to a father figure" (p. 96). Chinese Triads are much fluid.

Discipline is also fearsome, but relationships or guanzi are important. ideology Mafioso emphasize code of honor, code of silence or omerta, allegiance to group before family and vendettas, obligation to avenge insults. Key determine of the Yakuza are obedience, moral duty to exact revenge, sense of grace and identification with ordinary people. Cutting off top juncture of little finger is a common act of contrition or fealty. Important values "obsessive secrecy," loyalty, "highly ritualized generalization ceremonies" at which 36 oaths are taken (U.S. Senate, 1999, p. 70). All rebound membership. Activities Common activities gambling, prostitution, loan sharking. Mafia adept at crisp legitimate businesses such as construction, some unions, transportation, etc. Triads contain East Asia based heroin trade and engage in extensive smuggling of goods and people. Yakuza runs major protection and extortion rackets.

curity, are involved in international/ border activities relating to OC. Other important agencies are the U.S. Secret Service, which enforces federal money laundering laws and otherwise protects the currency, the midland Revenue Service, which has been the lead agency in tax baloney investigations an
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